ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To measure the frequency of goiter and the presence of potential goitrogens in a sample of school-age children and pregnant women. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in a purposive sample in three regions, one with known high prevalence of goiter (Huejutla), one with unknown prevalence (Ixmiquilpan) and one with no expected deficiency (Pachuca). Children were sampled from schools and pregnant women from rural reference hospitals. Goiter was evaluated by manual exam and ultrasound. RESULTS: Goiter prevalence in 673 children between 6 and 14 years old was 8 in Pachuca, 9 in Ixmiquilpan, and 14 in Huejutla. In 300 pregnant women, goiter prevalence was 19 in Pachuca, 20 in Ixmiquilpan, and 52 in Huejutla. In 936 interviews on salt consumption, 98 of families consumed table salt, but only 50 of the samples were adequately iodized. Twenty-four percent of families obtained water from wells contaminated with arsenicum and mercury in Pachuca and Ixmiquilpan, and with colibacilli in Ixmiquilpan. CONCLUSIONS: Even at the end of the millenium, endemic goiter is still a public health problem in this sample of school-age children and pregnant women. Despite consumption of iodized salt, ingestions of goitrogens may be contributing to the persistence of this problem.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pregnancy , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Goiter, Endemic/etiology , Pregnancy Complications/etiology , Iodine , Goiter, Endemic/epidemiology , Pregnancy Complications/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Mexico , PrevalenceABSTRACT
Se realizó un nuevo estudio seroepidemiológico de rubéola que incluye población rural, con el fin de ampliar y actualizar el conocimiento de la epidemiología de esta infección de nuestro país. Se estudiaron 24,331 sueros obtenidos durante 1987-1988, de mujeres entre 10 y 44 años de edad, distribuidas en las 32 entidades federativas del país, según lo descrito en el diseño conceptual y metodológico de la Encuesta Nacional Seroepidemiológica. La presencia de anticuerpos totales contra el virus de la rubeola se investigó mediante la técnica de inhibición de la hemaglutinación y se consideró positivo a todo suero con títulos de 1:8 o mayor. La frecuencia de mujeres seropositivas fue del 79.96 por ciento (IC de 95%, 79.5-80.5%), con incremento progresivo de acuerdo a la edad, desde 69.26 por ciento en las de 10 a 14 años hasta 87.84 por ciento en las de 40-44 años. En general, hubo menos seropositividad en la región sur del país y mayor en la región norte, además fue ligeramente mayor en el área urbana (82.4%) que en la rural (76.6%); con diferencia estadísticamente significativa en las menores de 14 años (74.7 contra 63.6%). En relación con el estrato socioeconómico, sólo se encontró diferencia al comparar el total del grupo económico alto (82.5%) contra el bajo (77%). Se observó, además, una tendencia significativa a incrementar la seropositividad a medida que aumentaba la escolaridad. Esta encuesta reveló una menor seropositividad para todos los grupos de edad, comparada con la encuesta serológica nacional de 1974, habiéndose incrementado la proporción de mujeres susceptibles, en particular las menores de 20 años. Este trabajo aporta información seroepidemiológica a nivel nacional y estatal que permitirá establecer políticas de vacunación sobre bases más sólidas.
A rubella seroepidemiologic survey was carried out in a rural population to better understand the epidemiology of this infections disease in México. 24 331 serum samples from women between 10 and 44 years old were collected during 1987- 1988 from the 32 federal states. Samples were tested for Rubella Antibodies by use of hemagglutination inhibition with a titer 1:8 bring considered as positive; 79.96 per cent (CI 95%, 7.5-80.5%) of women were seropositive, seropositivity increased with age, from 69.26 per cent in the age group of 10 to 14 years old, to 87.84 per cent in the 40-44 age group. Seropositivity rates were lower in southern states than in northerm states and, higher in urban areas that rural areas (82.4 vs 76.6%); statistical significative difference in seropositivity rates were fround between girls less than 14 years of age in urban areas as compared to rural areas (74.7 vs 63.6%). Seropositivity rates were related to socioeconomic status only when high status group were compared lower status group (82.5 vs 77%). In addition, we observed a significative trend of increasing resopositivity as level of school education increased. In comparison to the 1974 national survey, this seroepidemiological survey showed a decreased seropositivity for all age groups, even with an increase in the number of susceptible women, particulary in the group less than 20 years old. This study offers seroepidemiologic information about rubella at a national and regional level.